World Congress on Petroleum Processing, Petrochemistry and Geology November 09-10, 2018 Birmingham, Alabama, USA

Foul or unrefined oil generally called as "Dark Gold". Crude oil is a naturally occurring mineral oil which is composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. Crude oil can be further refined into usable products such as gasoline, diesel and various forms of petrochemicals. Crude oils are basically classified as naphthenic, paraffinic or aromatic based on the predominant proportion of similar hydrocarbons. Oil and Gas are hydrocarbons as they are the compounds of carbon and hydrogen particles. By increasing the temperature, common matter first gets changed into lamp fuel, which is a solid kind of hydrocarbon. At around 90°C, it changes into a liquid state, which is oil and at around 150°C, it changes into a gas. A stone that has made oil and gas is known as a Source Rock.

Reservoir Engineering In the oil and gas engineering industry, reservoir modelling involves the construction of a computer model of a petroleum reservoir, for the purposes of improving estimation of reserves and making decisions regarding the development of the field. A reservoir model represents the physical space of the reservoir by an array of discrete cells, delineated by a grid which may be regular or irregular. The array of cells is usually three-dimensional, although 1D and 2D models are sometimes used. Values for attributes such as porosity, permeability and water quality are associated with each cell. The value of each attribute is implicitly deemed to apply uniformly throughout the volume of the reservoir represented by the cell.

Hydrotreating is a refinery process for reducing sulphur, nitrogen and aromatics while enhancing cetane number, density and smoke point. Hydrocracking is a catalytic chemical process used in petroleum refineries for converting the high-boiling constituent hydrocarbons in petroleum crude oils to more valuable lower-boiling products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. In modern petroleum refineries Hydrotreaters are the most commonly processed unit. The world’s hydrotreating capacity is nearly half as large as the world’s crude distillation capacity. There are more than 1300 hydrotreating units in more than 700 refineries around the globe. Atypical Western petroleum refinery uses at least three hydrotreaters– one for naphtha, one or two for light gas oil, and one or two for heavy gasoil and/or vacuum gas oil

Hydrotreating is more common than hydrocracking, but the number of partial-conversion in hydrocrackers is increasing as refiners build new units to meet clean fuel regulations.

Both hydrotreating and hydrocracking uses high-pressure hydrogen to catalytically remove contaminants from petroleum fractions. Both achieve at least some conversion, and they use the same kinds of hardware. 

Oil and gas are naturally occurring chemicals that are made up of just two elements Hydrogen and Carbon. Nowadays Oil and Natural gas reserves are found in many parts of the world. In the past, demand was low, and reserves were not so easy to find. In fact, the first users of oil depended on surface oil excretion for their supplies. However, as demand increased all usable oils are easily found. Today oil exploration takes place in some of the most challenging places on earth. Now all are surveying for new oil reserves thousands of feet under the ocean and lands.

Oceanology is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. It is an Earth science covering a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the World Ocean and understanding of processes within: astronomy, biology, chemistry, climatology, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Pale oceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past.

Pipelines carries flammable or explosive material such as natural gas or oil. Usually oil pipelines are buried and its made from carbon steel or plastic tubes. The oil is moved through the pipelines by pump station. Natural gas is lightly pressurised into liquids known as Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs). Natural gas pipelines are made up of carbon steel.

Today Companies use oil storage as a strategic tool to increase profits in the global market. Companies can purchase oil to low price and wait until prices rise before selling. A 'contango' is a condition in the oil market where it is expected that people will be willing to pay more in the future than at the current price.

Sustainable Energy The energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat which are renewable.  Sustainable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation. And a feedstock is defined as any renewable, biological material that can be used directly as a fuel, or converted to another form of fuel or energy product. Biomass feed stocks are the plant and algal materials used to derive fuels like ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, and other hydrocarbon fuels.

Biofuels can be obtained through biological processes such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion. Biofuels can be derived directly from plants or indirectly from agricultural, domestic or industrial wastes. Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats by the process of transesterification.  In its pure form Biodiesels can be used as a fuel for vehicles, but it is usually used as a diesel which is helpful in reducing levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is the most commonly used biofuel in Europe. Biofuels are a hot ecological theme right now. The part of the biofuel business is not to supplant oil diesel totally, but rather to help in making an adjusted vitality arrangement with the most advantage. Biodiesel is one of a few conceivable fills intended to augment the handiness of oil, and the life span and cleanliness of diesel motors. Biofuels carbon impartial growing a tree and after that consuming it as a biofuel doesn’t add any carbon dioxide to the air or exacerbate a dangerous atmospheric deviation at any extent. Biodiesel is intended to be utilized as a part of standard diesel motors and along these lines particular from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel changed over diesel motors. Biodiesel can be utilized alone, or mixed with petrodiesel in any extents.

Nanotechnology is the study and application of extremely small things at dimensions approximately between 1 and 100 nanometres. One of the most advanced concepts of nanotechnology in oil and gas industry is to enhance oil recovery. Because of greater risk of adapting new technologies and high price, the application in oil and gas industry has not been fully discovered. 

Nanotechnology could be used to enhance the possibilities of developing conventional and stranded gas resources and to improve the drilling process and oil and gas production by making it easier to separate oil and gas in the reservoir. Nanotechnology can make the oil and gas industry considerably greener. There are numerous areas in which nanotechnology can contribute to more‐efficient, less‐expensive, and more‐environmentally sound technologies than those that are readily available.

Possibilities of nanotechnology in the petroleum industry:

1‐Nanotechnology‐enhanced materials that provide strength to increase performance in drilling, tubular goods, and rotating parts.

2‐ Designer properties to enhance hydro‐phobic to enhance materials for water flooding applications.
3‐ Nano‐particulate wetting carried out using molecular dynamics

4‐ Lightweight materials that reduce weight requirements on offshore platforms

5‐ Nano‐sensors for improved temperature and pressure ratings

6‐ New imaging and computational techniques to allow better discovery, sizing, and characterization of reservoirs.

Today petrochemicals have become an essential part of the chemical industry. Chemicals derived from petroleum or natural gas are known as petrochemicals. Petrochemistry is the studies of the transformation of crude oil and natural gas into more useful products or raw materials. Petrochemistry is made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. Additionally, petroleum chemistry contains several more complex hydrocarbons such as aliphatic, aromatic etc. Oil field will produce a raw petroleum with a different combination of molecules depending upon the overall percentage of each hydrocarbon it contains, this directly affects the colouration and viscosity of the petroleum chemistry. In extremely large quantities petroleum has been produced a lot of years by natural changes in organic materials. Offering the necessary building blocks petrochemicals allow downstream industries to originate and improve the quality of life.  Plant oils will replace petroleum in coming year. To save & conserve energy, the petrochemical sector is focusing on creating products which will enhance the performance and will reduce the energy consumption during their lifetime. Example: Insulation in construction, lightweight plastics used in cars and transportation, solar panels, wind mills and water purification systems among many others.

Process simulation is the representation of a chemical process by a mathematical model, which is further solved to obtain information about the performance of the chemical process. It is also known as process flow sheeting. Flow-sheeting is the use of computer aids to perform steady-state heat and mass balancing, sizing, and costing calculations for a chemical process. This includes the historical developments, basic architectures, and solving algorithms.

Many regard that process simulation is equivalent to process design, which is indeed a misleading understanding. In fact, process simulation and process synthesis are two important and interrelated elements in chemical process design, which may be used to achieve optimum process design. The aim for process simulation is to predict how a defined process would actually behave under a given set of operating conditions. In other words, we aim to predict the outputs of the process when the process flowsheet and its inputs are given.

Marine geology or geological oceanography is the study of the history and structure of the ocean floor. It involves geophysical, geochemical, sediment logical and paleontological investigations of the ocean floor and coastal zone. Marine geology has strong ties to physical oceanography and is focused on the physical, biological and chemical interactions that characterize earth surface environments. Carbonate geology, coastal geology, ground water shed hydrology, paleoclimatology, marine biogeochemistry, and sedimentology/stratigraphy. Emphasis on near shore processes, coastal sedimentation and erosion sedimentation control, remote sensing of environment and reefs and carbonate petrology and petrography to derive clues to past environmental changes as well as post-depositional geochemical changes to island lime stones. Marine Sedimentary Environment focused on micropaleontology, geo biology, pale-oceanography and paleoclimatology, organic and inorganic isotope biogeochemistry, marine minerals, carbonate sedimentology and the physical properties of sediments and crustal rocks. The scope of Marine ScienceConferences is to create a platform for strong exchange of the recent advancement and technologies towards marine oceanography and Marine biology.

The release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity is known as Oil Spill. As the petroleum spills pollutes the water surface such as streams or wetlands, individual surface waterways may be closed for travel, swimming, or fishing purpose. Tourism and water recreation can be adversely affected. Oil spills can harm birds, frogs, reptiles, fish, waterfowl, and other animals by direct physical contact, toxic contamination, and destruction of food sources. The deposition of Petroleum in lake bottoms and stream beds is very harmful because sediment traps the oil and affects the organisms that live in or feed off the sediments. Shoreline habitats of lakes and reservoirs provide food sources and nesting grounds, which can be destroyed by oil spills.

Environmental impact of the petroleum industry:

•  Toxicity
• Exhaust
• Acid rain
• Climate change
• Oil spills
• Volatile organic compounds
• Waste oil